Learning English

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Try more episodes of 6 Minute English:

• Keeping kids off smartphones
• Less salt, better health
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Introduction

How can farmers water their crops when they live in the driest place on Earth? Neil and Beth hear about a solution and teach you some useful vocabulary.

This week's question

Is clay good for:

a) curing headaches?
b) digesting food? or,
c) smoothing face skin?

Listen to the programme to hear the answer.

Vocabulary

drain
remove the liquid from something by pouring it out or letting it flow away

cling
stick or hold onto something very tightly

kick-start
make something start to happen or develop more quickly

manipulate
skilfully use or control something

down the line
at some unspecified point in the future

only time will tell
(idiom) the real results of something happening now will not be known until some time in the future

TRANSCRIPT

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript.

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Beth
And I’m Beth.

Neil
We all know how horrible it feels to be thirsty. Human bodies need around 3 litres of water a day, and thankfully most of us can just turn on the kitchen tap to get clean drinking water.

Beth
But globally, over two billion people, around a quarter of the world’s population, live in water stressed countries, where access to water for drinking, cooking, and washing is not guaranteed. What’s more, water is also needed to grow food and that’s getting harder due to droughts which are increasing with climate change.

Neil
In this programme, we’ll visit farmers in one of the driest places on Earth – Yuma in the USA - where a new technology involving liquid clay is helping farmers grow fruit and vegetables in the desert. And, as usual, we’ll be learning some useful new vocabulary too.

Beth
But first I have a question for you, Neil. Everyone knows that plants need sunlight and water to grow, but soil is just as important. One of the most useful soils is clay, a dense, smooth soil which is very fertile but sticky. Clay has been used in agriculture for thousands of years, but what is its more modern use? Is clay good for:

a) curing headaches?
b) digesting food? or,
c) smoothing face skin?

Neil
Hmm, I think clay can be used to smooth the skin on people’s faces.

Beth
OK, Neil. We’ll find out if that’s the correct answer later. Lack of water and farming are closely connected. Agriculture uses a massive 70% of the world’s fresh water supply, so ways to use water more efficiently are much needed. Ole Sivertsen’s company, Desert Control, works with date farmers in Yuma, an area on the border of California and Mexico. One of the hottest places on Earth, Yuma has been experiencing its worst drought in 500 years, forcing farmers to pump water from rivers to grow their date palm trees.

Neil
Fortunately, Ole’s team have created a liquid that, they say, can turn the sandy desert soil into a sponge which holds water and nutrients. Here, he explains his invention to Anthony Wallace, reporter for BBC World Service programme, People Fixing the World:

Anthony Wallace
To understand how it works we need to look at the difference between sandy soil and clay soil. Sandy desert soil has a lot of gaps in it so water drains through it quickly, making it hard for plants to establish the root system in the ground. But clay soil is made up of much smaller particles that cling together and naturally stop water from escaping.

Ole Sivertsen
It creates the habitat for the soil microbiology to also start to develop and evolve, so it's kind of a kick-start as well to nature's natural processes.

Beth
The problem with sandy soil is that it drains water. If you drain something, you remove the liquid from it. Clay soil, on the other hand, is made of smaller particles which cling, or stick together tightly, and hold water, helping plants grow.

Neil
Ole makes a liquid by mixing clay and water which changes the soil composition and kick-starts the growth of his trees – the liquid makes the trees start growing more quickly. Liquid clay technology is still new, and costing around 2,000 dollars an acre, it’s not cheap. But Ole claims his technique halves the amount of water needed to grow fruit trees, and that most farmers will make back their investment within two years.

Beth
Ole’s claims sound too good to be true. But are there downsides to interfering with nature in this way? Presenters, Myra Anubi and Anthony Wallace, discussed this question for BBC World Service’s, People Fixing the World:

Myra Anubi
Anthony, I'm still left wondering, right… when you manipulate soil like this, could you be causing problems down the line?

Anthony Wallace
Yeah, I think anytime that there's a new technology where you are, like you said, manipulating nature only time will tell what the long-term effects of that will be… but Ole did stress that their liquid clay does not use any chemicals - only clay, air and water.

Neil
Ole’s liquid clay involves manipulating soil – using and controlling it skilfully to achieve some result. Myra worries that when people do this, they could create problems down the line – at some unspecified point in the future.

Beth
In fact, only time will tell if liquid clay is a long-term solution to the problem of water scarcity. The phrase, only time will tell, means that the result of something happening now will not be known until the future. Something we can know though, is the answer to my question, Neil.

Neil
Yes, you asked about a modern use for clay, and I guessed it was for smoothing facial skin.

Beth
Which was… the correct answer! A clay mask, also called a mud pack, is used to smooth the skin on your face. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned in this programme, starting with the verb to drain which means to remove liquid.

Neil
To cling means to stick or hold tightly onto something.

Beth
If you kick-start something, you make it start or develop more quickly.

Neil
To manipulate means to skilfully use or control something.

Beth
The phrase, down the line, means some time in the future.

Neil
And finally, the idiom, only time will tell, means that the truth about something happening now will only be known in the future. Once again our six minutes are up, but remember to join us again next time for more trending topics and useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English. Goodbye for now!

Beth
Bye!