Learning English

Callum
Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Callum.

Catherine        
And me, Catherine. Hello.

Callum         
In this programme, we’re talking about relative clauses.

Catherine  
Yes, relative clauses add information about the person or thing that you’re talking about. There are two kinds of relative clauses: defining and non-defining.

Callum          
Let’s begin with defining relative clauses. Here’s Finn with an example:

Finn         
The man whose phone I found gave me a reward.

Callum          
Thanks Finn. The clause whose phone I found is a defining relative clause because it identifies which man Finn is talking about. If I ask the question ‘which man’ – the relative clause answers it: the man whose phone I found.

Catherine         
That's right. And relative clauses usually start with a relative pronoun. We use who for people, which for things, that for both people and things and whose where a possessive is needed. Let’s hear another defining relative clause:

Finn       
I’ve lost the t-shirt that my mother gave me.

Callum        
How careless of you Finn! Here, the relative clause that my mother gave me tells us which t-shirt Finn is talking about.

Finn
I’ve lost the t-shirt that my mother gave me.

Callum
Let’s move on to non-defining relative clauses. Here’s an example:

Finn
David’s mother, who was born in Mexico, is my sister’s Spanish teacher.

Catherine        
OK. The phrase who was born in Mexico is a non-defining relative clause. It doesn't answer the question ‘which mother?’ because David only has one mother! Instead, the relative clause gives us extra information about David’s mother: she was born in Mexico.

Callum        
In fact, if we leave the relative clause out entirely, the sentence still makes sense:

Finn          
David’s mother is my sister’s Spanish teacher.

Callum        
Now let’s look again at relative pronouns. We can use them to refer to the subject or object of a clause. Finn, who is Daniel Radcliffe?

Finn          
Daniel Radcliffe is the actor who plays Harry Potter.

Callum           
In this sentence, the relative pronoun who refers to the subject – Daniel Radcliffe. Daniel Radcliffe plays Harry Potter.

Catherine
And another question for you Finn. Which sport do you enjoy the most?

Finn         
Well, football is the sport that I enjoy the most, Catherine.

Callum           
This time, the pronoun that refers to the object. And you can usually leave out object pronouns, like this:

Finn       
Football is the sport I enjoy the most.

IDENT        
You’re listening to bbclearningenglish.com.

Callum           
For non-defining clauses, you can’t leave out the pronoun. Also, non-defining relative clauses can't begin with the word that. Use which instead, like this:

Finn     
Last year I went to Paris, which is the capital of France.

Callum        
The clause which is the capital of France – is giving us extra information. We can leave it out and still understand the sentence:

Finn       
Last year I went to Paris.

Catherine
And now it's time for a quiz. Join these sentences together using a defining or non-defining relative clause. Number one. The bus was very late. I took it this morning. The bus was very late. I took it this morning.

Callum
The bus that I took this morning was very late. Or you could also say: The bus I took this morning was very late.

Catherine         
You can, very good. Number two: My car needs repairing. I only bought it last month. My car needs repairing. I only bought it last month.

Callum  
My car, which I only bought last month, needs repairing.         

Catherine         
And that was a non-defining relative clause. Number three. David Beckham has over 20 tattoos. He used to play for Manchester United. David Beckham has over 20 tattoos. He used to play for Manchester United.

Callum         
David Beckham, who used to play for Manchester United, has over 20 tattoos.

Catherine
Right. And we could also say: David Beckham, who has over 20 tattoos, used to play for Manchester United.

Callum           
And that’s the end of the quiz. Well done you got them all right. Now for a little tip. In written English, we put commas around non-defining relative clauses. In spoken English, we leave a small pause for each comma. Listen to this example:

Finn          
My sister, who works in Nairobi, is a doctor.

Callum
The pauses tell us that this is a non-defining relative clause, which means Finn has only one sister, so he doesn’t need to define her.

Finn           
My uncle who works in Athens is a dentist.

Catherine       
And this time, there’s no pause, which means it’s a defining relative clause. Finn is defining which uncle he is talking about, so he probably has more than one uncle. 

Callum        
Thanks Finn. So that’s defining and non-defining relative clauses. They start with a relative pronoun and give additional information about the person or thing that you’re talking about.

Catherine           
There’s more about this on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Join us again for more 6 Minute Grammar.

All         
Bye.