Learning English

Catherine
Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Catherine.

Neil
And me, Neil.

Catherine
Neil, have a sandwich. It's from Finn. He said you were hungry.

Neil
Really?

Catherine
Yes! He said... In fact, Finn said: "He's hungry. Give him a sandwich."

Neil
Wow! That's very kind of Finn. It's delicious.

Catherine
And in today's programme we're talking about reported speech.

Neil
We'll be discussing why and when we use it. And we'll see how to form it...

Catherine
We use reported speech when we want to report something that another person said. In our example, Finn originally said:

Finn
He's hungry.

Neil
That's direct speech. Catherine reported the direct speech, like this:

Catherine
Finn said you were hungry.

Neil
Let's look at that more closely. We need to make some grammatical changes when we report what someone else says. First, when the speaker or listener changes, we need to change the pronouns.

Catherine
That's right. Finn used he in direct speech to talk about Neil:

Finn
He is hungry.

Neil
Then Catherine told me what Finn said.

Catherine
Finn said you were hungry.

Neil
Second change: In reported speech we often move the tense back one step into the past. So is hungry becomes were hungry.

Catherine
But we don't have to change the verb tense in reported speech if the situation is generally true. Here's an example. Finn, give us a sentence please:

Finn
OK. I love cheese sandwiches.

Catherine
Thank you, Finn. And Neil, can you report what Finn said, please?

Neil
Yes. Finn said he loves cheese sandwiches.

Catherine
OK. So there we don't change loves to loved, because Finn loves cheese sandwiches and that's a general truth.

Neil
Now the third thing we need with reported speech is a reporting verb. Say and tell are the most common ones. And we usually put them in the past tense. For example: Finn said Neil was hungry.

Catherine
Now let's look at how to report questions with question words like What and Who.

Neil
We'll hear the direct speech first from Finn, then Catherine will give us the reported speech.

Finn
What's the time?

Catherine
Finn asked what the time was.

Neil
The reporting verb comes first, then the question word, and then the reported sentence with the tense moved back. And don't forget to change the word order from question word order to statement word order. Another one please Finn and Catherine?

Finn
Who ate the cake?

Catherine
He asked who'd eaten the cake.

Neil
OK, now it's time to look at pronunciation.

Catherine
Yes, pronuciation. Some past tense forms in reported speech can be difficult to hear. In the last example, the two words who and had become who'd. He asked who'd eaten the cake.

Neil
So had is shortened to just a /d/ sound. Listen out for the short /d/ sound in this next example:

Finn
She asked where I'd gone.

Neil
So, the phrase I had becomes I'd. One more time please Finn:

Finn
She asked where I'd gone.

Catherine
Thank you, Finn. So watch out for contractions in reported speech.

Neil
And now are you ready?

Catherine
For a quiz?

Neil
It's quiz time! Finn is going to say some sentences in direct speech. As you listen, decide what the correct reported speech is. Here's the first one.

Finn
I've eaten my lunch.

Neil
Is the reported speech a) He said he's eating his lunch or b) He said he'd eaten his lunch?

Catherine
And the answer is b) He said he'd eaten his lunch. The present perfect changes to the past perfect.

Neil
OK. Next one please Finn:

Finn
I go to work by bus.

Neil
Is the reported speech a) Finn said he goes to work by bus or b) Finn said he's going to work by bus?

Catherine
And it's a) Finn said he goes to work by bus.

Neil
OK. And here's the last one:

Finn
Where are my glasses?

Neil
Is it a) He asked where were his glasses or b) He asked where his glasses were?

Catherine
And the right answer is b) He asked where his glasses were.  

Neil
Now, before we go, there’s just enough time for a top tip. With the reporting verb tell we say who the person is talking to, for example, Finn told me he's going to pay for lunch today.

Catherine
Wow! And when we use the reporting verb say we don't say who the person is talking to. So this next sentence is wrong:

Neil
Finn said me he was going to pay for lunch today.

Catherine
Yes, that's wrong but this one is correct:

Neil
Finn said he was going to pay for lunch today.

Catherine
So that's reported speech.

Neil
There's more about this on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Join us again for 6 Minute Grammar.

Neil and Catherine
Bye.